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The Gerontologist Advance Access published online on April 17, 2009
The Gerontologist, doi:10.1093/geront/gnp034
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Aging and Cumulative Inequality: How Does Inequality Get Under the Skin?

Kenneth F. Ferraro, PhD1,2 and Tetyana P. Shippee, PhD2

2 Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

1 Address correspondence to Kenneth F. Ferraro, PhD, Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, Young Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2108. E-mail: ferraro{at}purdue.edu


  Abstract

Purpose: This article draws from cumulative disadvantage and life course theories to develop a new theory for the social scientific study of aging. Design and Methods: Five axioms of cumulative inequality (CI) theory are articulated to identify how life course trajectories are influenced by early and accumulated inequalities but can be modified by available resources, perceived trajectories, and human agency. Results: Although the concept of CI has attracted considerable attention among social scientists, it holds promise for integrating additional disciplinary approaches to the study of aging including, but not limited to, biology, epidemiology, and immunology. The applicability of CI theory to gerontology is illustrated in research on the early origins of adult health. Implications: Primary contributions of the theory to gerontology include greater attention to family lineage as a source of inequality; genes, gestation, and childhood as critical to early and enduring inequalities; the onset, duration, and magnitude of exposures to risk and opportunity; and constraints on generalizations arising from cohort-centric studies.

Keywords: Theory, Cumulative disadvantage, Life course, Stress, Psychosomatic processes

Received February 1, 2008; Accepted June 9, 2008

Decision Editor: William J. McAuley, PhD


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